Vocal Approach to Transgender Individuals: The Journey Taken in Chile and Argentina

In recent years, there have been international references to the vocal approach for the specific group of transgender individuals, although the Latin American literature is still very timid on this matter. The purpose of this article is to identify the current norms, statistics, and vocal approach towards transgender individuals in Chile and Argentina, considering the experience of two speech and language pathologists with more than twenty years of experience on voice therapy. Reflections were made on the transgender reality in these countries, the limitations in the implementation of the depathologization of the transgender group were outlined, some current and unreliable statistics were presented, some innovative actions in the public system were highlighted, and the lack of knowledge about the benefits of vocal work for transgender men and women was discussed. The identified aspects could benefit from multicenter research that strengthens speech therapy actions with this group, contributing to depathologization and positive approach.

Desde los últimos años es posible encontrar referencias internacionales sobre el abordaje vocal al grupo específico de las personas transgénero, aunque la literatura latinoamericana sigue muy tímida en este asunto. La propuesta de este artículo es identificar las normas vigentes, estadísticas y abordaje vocal hacia las personas transgénero en Chile y Argentina, considerando la experiencia de dos fonoaudiólogas con más de veinte años de experiencia en terapia vocal. Se hicieron reflexiones sobre la realidad transgénero en los países citados, se delinearon las limitaciones en la puesta en práctica de la despatologización del grupo transgénero, se expusieron algunas estadísticas -vigentes y poco confiables-, se plasmaron algunas acciones novedosas en el sistema público y el desconocimiento sobre los beneficios del trabajo vocal en hombres y mujeres transgénero. Los aspectos detectados podrían beneficiarse de investigaciones multicéntricas que fortalezcan acciones fonoaudiológicas con este grupo, contribuyendo a la despatologización y el abordaje positivo.

"Nenhuma Pessoa Idosa Merece Passar por Isso": Compreensão da Violência para Mulheres Gerontes / "Ninguna Persona Adulta Mayor Merece Pasar Por Esto": Comprensión de la Violencia para las Mujeres Adultas Mayores / "No Elderly Person Deserves to Go Through This": Understanding Violence Towards Elderly Women

Resumo Introdução: A violência contra idosos é um fenômeno crescente, ocasionando prejuízos à saúde, com diferentes desfechos e consequências às vítimas. A chance de idosas sofrerem-na no âmbito familiar supera a dos homens, sendo o gênero um fator de risco considerável. Objetivo: Analisar a compreensão da violência contra pessoas idosas segundo mulheres gerontes. Metodologia: Pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa desenvolvida com 22 idosas de uma comunidade no estado da Paraíba, Brasil, escolhidas por conveniência. Utilizou-se para coleta de dados entrevistas semiestruturadas, processadas pelo software Iramuteq, com posterior Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foram evidenciadas cinco classes: ciclo de violência; rede de apoio ao idoso vítima de violência; Vivência de situações violentas; violência financeira; e simbologia da violência na sociedade, as quais denotam compreensão da violência envolvendo os diferentes tipos. Apoiam-se nos fatores da vivência familiar, cultura e outros, consubstanciando o profissional de saúde como fundamental para o desfecho. O gênero influenciou no que concerne ao olhar lançado sobre a violência física e psicológica, bem como na relevância dada às equipes de saúde para identificação de ocorrências e prevenção de possíveis danos. Conclusão: Os diversos tipos de violência contra a pessoa idosa foram reconhecidos, incluindo fatores individuais, comunitários e sociais no ciclo violento. Além disso, associaram o envelhecimento a maior suscetibilidade para sofrer violência, independente da tipologia. Destaca-se a potencialidade do serviço de saúde na assistência à pessoa idosa vítima de violência, elucidando casos e atuando precocemente para interrupção dos ciclos perpetrados, exigindo a necessidade constante de atualização profissional para lidar com situações detectadas.

Resumen Introducción: La violencia contra las personas adultas mayores es un fenómeno creciente, que causa daños a la salud, con diferentes desenlaces y consecuencias para las víctimas. La posibilidad de que las mujeres adultas mayores la sufran en el ámbito familiar supera la de los hombres, siendo el género un factor de riesgo considerable. Objetivo: Analizar la comprensión de la violencia contra las personas mayores según las mujeres adultas mayores. Metodología: Investigación descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo desarrollada con 22 mujeres adultas mayores de una comunidad en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil, elegidas por conveniencia. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, procesadas por el software Iramuteq, con posterior análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se evidenciaron cinco tipos de violencia: ciclo de la violencia, red de apoyo población adulta mayor víctima de violencia, experimentar situaciones violentas, violencia financiera y simbología de la violencia en la sociedad, que denotan la comprensión de la violencia de diferentes tipos. Estas ideas están respaldadas en los factores de la experiencia familiar, la cultura y otros, donde la persona profesional de la salud se identifica como fundamental para el cuidado y apoyo. El género influyó en la mirada lanzada sobre la violencia física y psicológica, así como en la relevancia dada a los equipos de salud para la identificación de sucesos y la prevención de posibles daños. Conclusión: Se han reconocido los diversos tipos de violencia contra las personas mayores, incluidos los factores individuales, comunitarios y sociales en el ciclo de violencia. Además, asociaron el envejecimiento con una mayor susceptibilidad a sufrir violencia, independientemente de la tipología. Destaca la potencialidad del servicio de salud en la asistencia a la persona mayor víctima de violencia, mediante la identificación de casos y la actuación temprana para la interrupción de los ciclos perpetrados. De manera que, se evidencia la necesidad constante de actualización profesional para hacer frente a situaciones detectadas.

Abstract Introduction: Violence against the elderly is a growing phenomenon, causing damage to health, with different outcomes and consequences to the victims. The possibility of elderly women suffering it in the family context surpasses that of men, with gender being a considerable risk factor. Objective: To analyze the understanding of violence against the elderly according to elderly women. Method: Descriptive research with a qualitative approach developed with 22 elderly women from a community in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, chosen for convenience. The data collection was based on semi-structured interviews, processed by the Iramuteq software, with subsequent Content Analysis. Results: Five classes of violence against the elderly were evidenced: cycle of violence; support network for the elderly victims of violence; experience of violent situations; financial violence; and symbolism of violence in society, which denote an understanding of violence involving the different types. They are based on the factors of family experience, culture, and others, placing the health professional as a fundamental element for care and support. Gender influenced the perspective on physical and psychological violence, as well as the relevance given to health teams for the identification of occurrences and the prevention of possible damage. Conclusion: The various types of violence against the elderly have been recognized, including individual, community, and social factors in the violent cycle. In addition, they associated aging with greater susceptibility to suffering violence, regardless of the typology. It highlights the potential of the health service in assisting the elderly victim of violence, elucidating cases, and acting early to interrupt the cycles perpetrated, requiring the constant need for professional updating to deal with detected situations.

Women in Radiology: A perspective from Spain.

INTRODUCTION: There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyse the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main Spanish radiology departments. RESULTS: The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analysed in depth throughout the article. In Spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyse data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%. CONCLUSIONS: Although gender inequality is declining, in radiology women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. Work must be done in order to build a diverse and inclusive profession that reflects demographic reality.

Street drugs associated with acute poisoning: description and analysis of differences in women attended in a hospital emergency department. / Drogas de abuso asociadas a las intoxicaciones agudas: descripción global y análisis de las diferencias en mujeres atendidas en el servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of street drug abuse is difficult to establish in women because of stigma associated with the practice. The main objective of this study was to analyze possible differences between men and women in a sample of patients attended for emergencies due to acute poisonings. The secondary aim was to identify variables associated with severe poisonings defined arbitrarily as requiring intensive care for more than 12 hours after hospital admission. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study in 2 hospital EDs. We included patients over the age of 18 years attended for street drug poisonings between July 1, 2020, and July 31, 2023. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory variables were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1032 patients were studied; 191 (18.5%) were women. The mean (SD) age was 35 years, and the prevalences of acute mental illness and HIV infection were high at 32.2% and 35.7%, respectively. Drug use was recreational in most cases (90.9%). Cocaine, alcohol, and methamphetamines were the substances most often used. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with the seriousness of poisoning were age, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95% CI, 1.01-1.05; P = .003); HIV (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.29-3.41; P = .003); use of benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 2.14-5.66; P .0001); and suicidal ideations (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25-3.79; P = .004). CONCLUSION: Differences in poisoning characteristics in women were found, probably related to the younger ages of men in the sample and their higher frequency of alcohol consumption. Public health policies and campaigns to prevent drug abuse should take gender differences into consideration in order to adapt messages to the target populations.

OBJETIVO: La prevalencia del uso de drogas de abuso es difícil de establecer en mujeres, debido a los estigmas asociados a ello. El objetivo principal fue analizar las posibles diferencias de las intoxicaciones agudas (IA) según el sexo en una muestra de pacientes atendidos en dos servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). El objetivo secundario fue identificar las variables asociadas a las intoxicaciones graves, definidas de forma arbitraria como las que requerían una atención intensiva médica de más de 12 horas y posterior ingreso hospitalario. METODO: Estudio retrospectivo en dos SUH que incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos por IA por drogas de abuso, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de julio 2020 y el 31 de julio 2023. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.032 pacientes, un 18,5% (191) mujeres. La edad media fue de 35 (DE 10) años, con elevada prevalencia de enfermedad mental aguda (32,2%) e infección por VIH (35,7%). El principal motivo de consumo fue lúdico (90,9%). Las principales drogas de abuso fueron cocaína, alcohol y metanfetaminas. El análisis multivariado mostró que únicamente la edad (OR: 1,03, IC 95: 1,01-1,05, p = 0,003), el VIH (OR: 2,10, IC 95: 1,29-3,41, p = 0,003), el consumo de benzodiacepinas (OR: 3,48, IC 95%: 2,14-5,66, p 0,0001), y la ideación autolítica (OR: 1,82, IC 95%: 1,25-3,79, p = 0,004), se asociaron a gravedad de la intoxicación. CONCLUSIONES: Las IA por drogas de abuso en mujeres presentan algunas diferencias en relación a las de los hombres, ya que son más jóvenes y asocian consumo de alcohol con mayor frecuencia. Las campañas de prevención y políticas sanitarias sobre el uso de sustancias deberían tener en cuenta las diferencias en el consumo según el sexo para adaptarlas a la población a las que vayan dirigidas.

Unpacking gender-specific risk and protective factors for mental health status among Congolese refugees in Uganda.

Background: Research indicates refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly females, have a higher incidence of mental health problems compared to the global norm for conflict-affected populations.Objective: This study aimed to unpack gender differences in the mental health of Congolese refugees by examining specific risk (trauma exposure, adaptation challenges, and discrimination) and protective factors (marital status, literacy, and social resources) in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression. Method: Utilizing systematic random sampling, we surveyed 667 adult refugees (370 females, 297 males) in the Kyaka II refugee settlement in Western Uganda. A multi-group path analysis was conducted, initially allowing for variance between genders and subsequently comparing a constrained model, where paths were set equal across groups.Results: The unconstrained model presented an excellent fit to the data. When paths were set to be equal across groups, the decline in model fit, confirmed by a chi-square difference test, indicated differences in the model for males and females. A series of Z-tests were used to compare individual paths. Experiencing discrimination was a stronger risk factor for depression among men, whereas a history of rape was more strongly associated with depression for females. Being literate and a member of a social group in the settlement were stronger protective factors for depression among men, whereas living with a partner and a felt sense of connection to their community was more important for women. Associations between risk and protective factors and PTSS were more similar across groups, only membership in a group was significantly moderated by gender; with group membership being more impactful for males.Conclusion: The results highlight similarities and differences in predictors of distress for male and female Congolese refugees and point to potential avenues for tailoring programming to be gender sensitive.

This research identified key differences in how specific traumatic experiences and social factors correlate with psychological distress for male and female Congolese refugees, underscoring the need for tailored support strategies.The study reveals that while discrimination is a stronger predictor of depression in men, experiences of rape are more closely linked to depression in women. Conversely, social factors like literacy and group membership offer more protection to men, whereas relationship status and community connection are more protective for women.The findings shed light on the importance of gender-sensitive mental health and psychosocial support interventions.

Ideación suicida entre reclusos: análisis con perspectiva de género, durante cinco años de seguimiento (2017-2022) / Suicidal ideation among prisoners: analysis with a gender perspective in a five-year follow-up (2017-2022)

Introducción: En el entorno penitenciario, hay una elevada incidencia de conductas autolesivas, con una tasa de suicidio superior a la existente en la población general. Estudios previos describen la asociación de factores sociodemográficos, clínicos y criminológicos, con el riesgo de suicidio en la población penitenciaria masculina, pero hay pocas investigaciones centradas en el análisis de la conducta suicida entre mujeres. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar las características de las internas que ingresan en una unidad psiquiátrica por presentar ideas de suicidio o haber realizado tentativas.Material y método: Análisis descriptivo y comparativo de 97 internos (68 hombres, 29 mujeres) ingresados en la Unidad de Hospitalización Psiquiátrica de la Penitenciaria de Cataluña (UHPP-C), por ideas de suicidio, entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 31 de diciembre de 2022. Resultados: Se encuentran diferencias respecto al lugar de nacimiento, con mayor presencia de nacionalidades africanas en varones no nacionales, mientras que las internas extranjeras suelen ser originarias de países latinoamericanos. Los hombres tienen menor edad media, con ingresos más prolongados y una mayor tasa de reingreso. También padecen más trastornos psicóticos y adictivos. Las mujeres presentan mayor prevalencia de trastornos de personalidad y cuadros afectivos. Conclusiones: Hay diferencias sociodemográficas y clínicas entre hombres y mujeres internos en prisión que requieren ingreso por ideación suicida. Incluir la perspectiva de género en los estudios sobre el riesgo suicida en la población penitenciaria puede proporcionar una base sólida para futuros estudios, permitiendo así una comprensión más completa de la ideación suicida y las necesidades de intervención en la población penitenciaria.(AU)

Introduction: There is a high incidence of self-harming behavior in the prison setting, with a suicide rate that is higher than that of the general population. Previous studies describe the association of sociodemographic, clinical, and criminological factors with the risk of suicide in the male prison population, but there is little research that specifically analyses suicidal behavior among women. The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of inmates who are admitted to a psychiatric unit for suicidal thoughts or attempted suicide. Material and method: Descriptive and comparative analysis of 97 inmates (68 men, 29 women) admitted to the Unidad de Hospitalización Psiquiátrica Penitenciaria de Cataluña (UHPP-C), for suicidal ideation, between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022. Results: There are differences in terms of place of birth, with a more significant presence of African nationalities in non-national males, while foreign inmates tend to come from Latin American countries. Men have a lower mean age, longer admissions, and a higher readmission rate. They also suffer from more psychotic and addictive disorders. Women have a higher prevalence of personality disorders and affective symptoms. Conclusions: There are sociodemographic and clinical differences between male and female prison inmates who require admission for suicidal ideation. Including a gender perspective in studies on suicide risk in the prison population can provide a solid foundation for future studies, thus allowing a more complete understanding of suicidal ideation and intervention needs in theprison population.(AU)

La mujer en la radiología española actual: análisis en perspectiva / Women in Radiology: A perspective from Spain

Introducción: Existen desigualdades por razón de género en todos los ámbitos, incluyendo la radiología. Aunque la situación está mejorando, la presencia de radiólogas en puestos de liderazgo continúa siendo minoritaria. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la situación de la mujer en la radiología española, comparándola con Europa y EE. UU. Materiales y métodos: Seleccionamos como franja de referencia los años 2000-2022 para hacer una comparación con datos de feminización a lo largo de la historia. Además también se incluyeron datos puntuales relevantes del recién comenzado 2023. Las variables en las que investigamos la feminización fueron las siguientes: estudiantes de medicina, médicos graduados, residentes y especialistas en radiodiagnóstico, jefes de sección, jefes de servicio, tutores de residentes de radiodiagnóstico, radiólogos profesores universitarios, presidentes de las principales entidades y sociedades radiológicas de España, Europa y EE. UU., receptores de los principales galardones de dichas sociedades radiológicas y editores jefe de sus revistas. Para ello realizamos una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica, contactamos con las sociedades radiológicas de España, Europa y EE. UU. y realizamos una encuesta a los principales servicios de radiodiagnóstico de España. Resultados: La presencia femenina en radiología va disminuyendo a medida que ascendemos a puestos de liderazgo, situación que se constata tanto en España como en Europa y EE. UU., comparativa que analizaremos en profundidad a lo largo del artículo. En los hospitales españoles en el año 2021 había un 58,1% de mujeres residentes de radiodiagnóstico, 55% de radiólogas, 42,9% de jefas de sección y 24,4% de jefas de servicio. En la historia de la SERAM ha habido un 10% de mujeres presidentas, un 22% de mujeres medallas de oro y un 5% de editoras jefe. Analizando los datos del año 2000 al 2023 el porcentaje de presidentas alcanza el 32% y las mujeres medalla de oro el 31%.(AU)

Introduction: There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyze the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. Materials and methods: We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main spanish radiology departments. Results: The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analyzed in depth throughout the article. In spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyze data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%.(AU)

Drogas de abuso asociadas a las intoxicaciones agudas: descripción global y análisis de las diferencias en mujeres atendidas en el servicio de urgencias / Street drugs associated with acute poisoning: description and analysis of differences in women attended in a hospital emergency department

Objetivos. La prevalencia del uso de drogas de abuso es difícil de establecer en mujeres, debido a los estigmas asociados a ello. El objetivo principal fue analizar las posibles diferencias de las intoxicaciones agudas (IA) según el sexo en una muestra de pacientes atendidos en dos servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH). El objetivo secundario fue identificar las variables asociadas a las intoxicaciones graves, definidas de forma arbitraria como las que requerían una atención intensiva médica de más de 12 horas y posterior ingreso hospitalario. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en dos SUH que incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos por IA por drogas de abuso, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de julio 2020 y el 31 de julio 2023. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1.032 pacientes, un 18,5% (191) mujeres. La edad media fue de 35 (DE 10) años, con elevada prevalencia de enfermedad mental aguda (32,2%) e infección por VIH (35,7%). El principal motivo de consumo fue lúdico (90,9%). Las principales drogas de abuso fueron cocaína, alcohol y metanfetaminas. El análisis multivariado mostró que únicamente la edad (OR: 1,03, IC 95%: 1,01-1,05, p = 0,003), el VIH (OR: 2,10, IC 95%: 1,29-3,41, p = 0,003), el consumo de benzodiacepinas (OR: 3,48, IC 95%: 2,14-5,66, p < 0,0001), y la ideación autolítica (OR: 1,82, IC 95%: 1,25-3,79, p = 0,004), se asociaron a gravedad de la intoxicación. Conclusiones. Las IA por drogas de abuso en mujeres presentan algunas diferencias en relación a las de los hombres, ya que son más jóvenes y asocian consumo de alcohol con mayor frecuencia. Las campañas de prevención y políticas sanitarias sobre el uso de sustancias deberían tener en cuenta las diferencias en el consumo según el sexo para adaptarlas a la población a las que vayan dirigidas. (AU)

Background. The prevalence of street drug abuse is difficult to establish in women because of stigma associated withthe practice. The main objective of this study was to analyze possible differences between men and women in a sample of patients attended for emergencies due to acute poisonings. The secondary aim was to identify variables associated with severe poisonings defined arbitrarily as requiring intensive care for more than 12 hours after hospital admission. Methods. Retrospective study in 2 hospital EDs. We included patients over the age of 18 years attended for street drug poisonings between July 1, 2020, and July 31, 2023. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory variables were analyzed. Results. A total of 1032 patients were studied; 191 (18.5%) were women. The mean (SD) age was 35 years, and the prevalences of acute mental illness and HIV infection were high at 32.2% and 35.7%, respectively. Drug use was recreational in most cases (90.9%). Cocaine, alcohol, and methamphetamines were the substances most often used. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with the seriousness of poisoning were age, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.03 (95% CI, 1.01-1.05; P = .003); HIV (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.29-3.41; P = .003); use of benzodiazepines (OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 2.14-5.66; P < .0001); and suicidal ideations (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.25-3.79; P = .004). Conclusions. Differences in poisoning characteristics in women were found, probably related to the younger ages of men in the sample and their higher frequency of alcohol consumption. Public health policies and campaigns to prevent drug abuse should take gender differences into consideration in order to adapt messages to the target populations. (AU)

Diferencias en la evolución del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en España en el periodo 2011-2019 por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico: resultados del estudio ALADINO / Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: Results of the ALADINO study

Introducción: El exceso de peso infantil es un problema de salud pública creciente. El objetivo del trabajo es estudiar la evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso, de obesidad y de obesidad central en escolares de 6 a 9años en España entre 2011 y 2019 según características demográficas y socioeconómicas.MetodologíaSe incluyeron las rondas 2011, 2015 y 2019 del estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal ALADINO en escolares de ambos sexos de 6 a 9años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la evolución de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y de obesidad según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), así como obesidad central, y las variables demográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas.ResultadosEntre 2011 y 2019 se redujo la prevalencia de sobrepeso (criterios OMS) en niños de 6, 7 y 8años (−5,4, −5,7 y −5,3 puntos porcentuales, respectivamente) y niños cuyos progenitores tenían estudios superiores (−5,3 puntos porcentuales). Por renta, el sobrepeso en niños se redujo en todos los niveles de ingresos. Sin embargo, entre 2011 y 2019 se mantuvieron estables tanto la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niñas como la prevalencia de obesidad según las referencias OMS e IOTF y la de obesidad central en ambos sexos.ConclusionesLas prevalencias de sobrepeso y de obesidad en escolares de 6 a 9años en España siguen siendo altas. Entre 2011 y 2019 disminuyó la prevalencia de sobrepeso en niños de 6 a 8años y aquellos cuyos progenitores tienen estudios universitarios, mientras que la obesidad en niños, el sobrepeso y la obesidad en niñas, y la obesidad central en ambos sexos han permanecido estables. (AU)

Introduction: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.MethodologyThe analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6 to 9years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization [WHO] and the International Obesity Task Force [IOTF]) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables.ResultsBetween 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8years (by −5.4%, −5.7% and −5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by −5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6 to 8years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable. (AU)

Violencia en pareja en personas seropositivas: una revisión sistemática / Violência por parceiro íntimo em pessoas soropositivas: uma revisão sistemática / Partner violence in HIV-positive people: a systematic review

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, caracterizar la violenciaen pareja en personas con seropositividad (prevalencia,tipos de acciones violentas, variables de riesgo/ protectorasy consecuencias), para lo cual se realizó una revisión sistemáticaa través del protocolo PRISMA. La búsqueda de artículos serealizó en Scopus, Web of Science, Eric, Scielo y Pubmedpublicados hasta 2021. Se encontraron 113 artículos, de loscuales 22 cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Losresultados indican que la violencia en pareja en personasseropositivas, además de manifestarse de manera física,psicológica, patrimonial, sexual y verbal, se puede presentar através del uso del VIH para ejercer la violencia. La prevalenciavaría en función del contexto geográfico en un intervalo del19,6% al 43,1%; la cual es superior en población migrantey en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) mujeresseropositivas, parejas no heterosexuales y en parejas en la queambos miembros son seropositivos. Las variables de riesgo/protectoras identificadas se asociaron con las dimensiones:informativas, motivacionales, de habilidades conductuales,sociodemográficas, culturales, de salud, sociofamiliares ypolíticas. Asimismo, se evidenciaron consecuencias sociales,económicas y de salud.(AU)

The objective of this work is to characterize partner violencein people with seropositivity (prevalence, types of violentactions, risk/protective variables, and consequences), for whicha systematic review was carried out through the PRISMAprotocol. The search for articles was carried out in Scopus,Web of Science, Eric, Scielo and Pubmed published up to 2021. 113 articles were found, of which 22 met the eligibilitycriteria. The results indicate that intimate partner violencein seropositive people, in addition to manifesting itself ina physical, psychological, patrimonial, sexual, and verbalway, can be presented using HIV to exercise violence. Theprevalence varies depending on the geographical contextin a range from 19.6% to 43.1%, which is higher in themigrant population and in men who have sex with men(MSM), seropositive women, non-heterosexual couples andin couples in which both members are seropositive. Therisk/protective variables identified were associated with thedimensions: informational, motivational, behavioral skills,sociodemographic, cultural, health, socio-family and political.Likewise, social, economic and health consequences wereevidenced.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a violência conjugalem pessoas com soropositividade (prevalência, tipos de açõesviolentas, variáveis de risco/proteção e consequências), paraa qual foi realizada uma revisão sistemática por meio doprotocolo PRISMA. A busca de artigos foi realizada no Scopus,Web of Science, Eric, Scielo e Pubmed publicados até 2021.Foram encontrados 113 artigos, dos quais 22 atenderamaos critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados indicam que aviolência por parceiro íntimo em pessoas soropositivas, alémde se manifestar de forma física, psicológica, patrimonial,sexual e verbal, pode se apresentar por meio do uso do HIVpara exercer a violência. A prevalência varia de acordo como contexto geográfico em uma faixa de 19,6% a 43,1%; queé maior na população migrante e em homens que fazemsexo com homens (HSH), mulheres soropositivas, casais nãoheterossexuais e em casais em que ambos os membros sãosoropositivos. As variáveis de risco/proteção identificadasforam associadas às dimensões: informacional, motivacional,habilidades comportamentais, sociodemográficas, culturais,de saúde, sociofamiliares e políticas. Da mesma forma, foramevidenciadas consequências sociais, econômicas e de saúde.(AU)

[Motivations for alcohol consumption in schooled adolescents: analysis of discussion groups]. / Motivaciones para el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes escolarizados: análisis de grupos de discusión.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the motivations of adolescents for alcohol consumption. DESIGN: Qualitative methodology with discussion groups. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTEXT: 131 adolescents (15-17 years old) enrolled in nine schools in Tarragona (Spain). METHOD: Systematic coding strategy, adapted to focus groups. Educational centers were selected through a stratified purposive sampling by educational levels (segmentation criterion) and ownership of the center (public or private). Participants within the educational levels were randomly selected for the groups. Content analysis was conducted using an open and flexible coding strategy. RESULTS: Motivations for alcohol consumption were identified, revolving around six fundamental dimensions: a) seeking fun and new sensations, b) alleviating discomfort, c) consumption due to social contagion and group pressure, d) consumption as a rite of passage into adulthood, e) environmental availability of alcohol, and f) low perception of risk. This motivation varied according to the adolescent's gender. In girls, drinking behavior appeared related to overcoming negative emotional states, while for boys, belonging to the peer group took precedence: drinking reinforces hegemonic masculinity and ensures complicity among peers. Adolescents considered that the information they receive from educational centers is sufficient, but it does not motivate change. CONCLUSIONS: Public health strategies focused on preventing alcohol consumption in adolescents should incorporate their motivations to achieve greater efficiency, paying due attention to sex/gender variables.

Long COVID: Factors influencing persistent symptoms and the impact of gender.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence as well as clinical and epidemiological features of persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19, focusing on gender-specific differences in a primary care setting. METHODS: A total of 1542 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. The study population comprised 55.77% females (mean age: 45.04 years). Risk factors for persistent COVID-19 were analyzed, revealing disparities between men and women. Symptom clusters and their prevalence were assessed over time, along with functional status using the post-COVID-19 functional status scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of persistent COVID-19 was 12.38%, with females exhibiting a 1.5 times higher risk. Females displayed a higher number of visits and persistent symptoms at 90 days, decreasing after one year. Symptom clusters varied between genders, with females experiencing more dermatological issues. Functional status analysis revealed that females had a better pre-infection status, similar status to males at 90 days, and improved status at 180-, 270-, and 365-days post-infection. Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between persistence, gender, hospitalization, radiological abnormalities, age, and immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the prevalence and clinical characteristics of persistent COVID-19 in a primary care population. Females exhibited a higher risk of persistent symptoms and displayed distinct patterns in symptom clusters and functional status compared to males. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the long-term effects of COVID-19 and highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations in post-acute care.

Gender, sex and complex PTSD clinical presentation: a systematic review.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence and clinical presentation reportedly vary with gender and/or sex. Equivalent complex PTSD (CPTSD) research is in its relative infancy and to date no systematic review has been conducted on this topic.Objective: To systematically review the literature and provide a narrative addressing the question of whether gender and/or sex differences exist in CPTSD prevalence and clinical presentation.Method: Embase, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs, PubMed, Web of Science, EThOS and Google Scholar were searched. Twelve papers were eligible for inclusion. Data were extracted and synthesised narratively.Results: Four themes were identified: (i) the reporting of gender and/or sex; (ii) index trauma; (iii) CPTSD prevalence rates; and (iv) CPTSD clinical presentation. Findings were mixed. Nine papers reported prevalence rates: eight found no gender and/or sex differences; one found higher diagnostic rates among women and/or females. Four papers reported clinical presentation: one reported higher cluster-level scores among women and/or females; two used single gender and/or sex samples; and one found higher scores in two clusters in men and/or males. Most papers failed to report in gender- and/or sex-sensitive ways.Conclusions: Gender- and sex-sensitive research and clinical practice is needed. Awareness in research and clinical practice is recommended regarding the intersect between identity and the experience and expression of complex trauma.

This narrative review aims to establish whether gender and/or sex differences exist in complex post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis rates and clinical presentation.Most papers adopted a binary approach to sex and gender.Most papers reported no difference in overall diagnosis rates, and few papers reported mixed findings regarding CPTSD presentation.

Gender perspective in the implementation of hygiene in cardiology intensive care.

INTRODUCTION: Hygiene in critical patients is an essential daily care, provided under safe conditions, to promote comfort and maintain the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, however, it can generate feelings of dependence and vulnerability in patients. The aim of this post hoc study is to know the differences in satisfaction and lived experience regarding bed hygiene in an intensive care unit according to biological sex and gender perspective. METHODS: Observational, descriptive and prospective study in which an ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 148 conscious and oriented patients of legal age. The questionnaire was completed 24-48 hours after admission to the unit, once the initial bed hygiene had been performed. RESULTS: Males experienced conformism (51%), embarrassment (31%) and relief (9%); Women felt conformism (35.4%), embarrassment (18.8%) and relief (29.2%) (p < 0.05). Women experienced a feeling of cleanliness in 89.1% compared to 56.1% of men (p < 0.05). Men were offered to wash their genitals in 72.9% compared to 35.7% of women (p < 0.05). 34.3% of men would prefer a family member to assist them during hygiene (62.9% by their wives), compared to 27.1% of women who would prefer a family member (84.6% by their daughters). CONCLUSION: Women tolerate bed hygiene better than men and appreciate more the feeling of cleanliness. Women are identified as caregivers, both professionally and in the family, and patients prefer them to collaborate in the performance of hygiene, being wives preferred by men and daughters preferred by women.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Gender Invariance of the Coping Strategies Inventory in Academic University Stress / [Análisis factorial confirmatorio e invarianza de género del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI) en estrés académico universitario]

Background: Though the Spanish version of the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) is frequently used, it has not been subjected to any significant re-evaluation from a psychometric perspective. Method: We analysed CSI data that was focused on an academic stress situation, using a university sample of 874 participants, 50% of each gender. We conducted reliability, confirmatory factor, and factorial invariance across gender analyses. Results: The first-order factorial structure was confirmed, showing an adequate fit for the eight-factor coping strategies model with good reliability indices. Neither the second-order (problem-centred vs. emotion-centred) nor third-order (engagement vs. disengagement) strategies showed an adequate fit. Factorial invariance for gender was confirmed. Conclusions: The theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.(AU)

Antecedentes: Aunque la versión española del del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI) se usa frecuentemente, no se ha sometido a reevaluación psicométrica. Método: Analizamos datos del CSI aplicados a situaciones de estrés académico utilizando una muestra universitaria de 874 participantes, 50% de cada género. Llevamos a cabo análisis de fiabilidad, confirmatorios y de invarianza factorial por género. Resultados: Se confirmó la estructura factorial de primer orden, mostrando un ajuste adecuado el modelo de 8 estrategias de afrontamiento, con buenos índices de fiabilidad. No mostraron un ajuste adecuado las factorizaciones de segundo orden (centrado en el problema o en la emoción) ni de tercer orden (compromiso o retirada). Se confirmó la invarianza factorial por género. Conclusiones: Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y aplicadas de los resultados.(AU)

Detección de violencia machista entre las mujeres atendidas por tentativa autolítica en un servicio de urgencias / Detection of interpersonal partner violence among women treated for attempted suicide in an emergency department

Introducción: Existe evidencia sobre una asociación directa entre la Violencia Machista/Violencia de Género (VdG) y el suicidio, e incluso se señala que la VdG es el principal factor precipitante para que una mujer realice una tentativa suicida. Además, se ha demostrado que las mujeres con enfermedades mentales crónicas sufren especialmente más violencia que la población en general. Sin embargo, existen relativamente pocos datos sobre la capacidad de detección de VdG de los servicios de urgencias. En Catalunya, el Programa Código Riesgo de Suicidio (CRS) atendió a 12.596 persones con episodios de conducta suicida y ha demostrado su eficacia en nuestro hospital. Objetivo principal: Cuantificar el grado de detección de la VdG de nuestros registros sanitarios en mujeres visitadas en el servicio urgencias de nuestro hospital por ideación y/o tentativa suicida y que han sido incluidas en el Programa CRS. Hipótesis principal: La detección actual de VdG en las mujeres es <10%. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo basado en registros electrónicos sanitarios. Se identificaron todas las mujeres que habían estado en seguimiento telefónico en los últimos 12 meses por haber acudido al servicio de urgencias de nuestro Hospital por ideación y/o intento suicida. El período de análisis incluyó del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2020. Se realizó una revisión completa de todos los informes de alta de estas mujeres visitadas en urgencias y de los registros clínicos de todos los profesionales (médicos, psiquiatrías, enfermeras...) disponibles en la historia clínica informatizada. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo simple de los datos. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, se detectaron cuatro casos de violencia machista/VdG (1,92%) y dos casos de violencia familiar entre las 208 mujeres que se visitaron por ideación y/o intento autolítico...(AU)

Introduction: There is evidence of a direct association between interpersonal partner/sexist/gender violence (IPV) and suicide, and it is even pointed out that IPV is the main precipitating factor for a woman to make a suicide attempt. In addition, it has been shown that women with chronic mental illness suffer especially more violence than the general population. However, there is relatively little data on the IPV detection capacity of emergency departments. In Catalonia, the Suicide Risk Code Program (CRS) treated 12,596 people with episodes of suicidal behaviour and has demonstrated its effectiveness in our hospital. Main objective: To quantify the degree of detection of IPV in our health records in women visited in the emergency department of our hospital for suicidal ideation and/or attempt and who have been included in the CRS Program.Main hypothesis: Current detection of IPV in women is <10%. Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study based on electronic health records. All the women who had been in telephone follow-up in the last 12 months for having gone to the emergency department of our hospital for suicidal ideation and/or attempt were identified. The analysis period included from January 1 to December 31, 2020. A complete review of all the discharge reports of the women visited in the emergency room and of all the clinical records of all the professionals (doctors, psychiatrists, nurses...) available in the computerized medical record was carried out. A simple descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Results: During the study period, four cases of IPV (1.92%) and two cases of family violence were detected among the 208 women who were visited for suicidal ideation and/or attempt. All the women who were detected with IPV were recommended to visit the Women’s Care Center, but it is unknown if they were actually referred to other professionals or if they actually attended...(AU)

Reflexiones sobre la aplicación de la "Ley Trans” en la atención sanitaria / Reflections on the application of the “trans law” in health care

En este artículo se reflexiona sobre la reciente ley aprobada por el Congreso de los Diputados conocida como Ley 4/2023 para la igualdad real y efectiva de las personas trans y para la garantía de los derechos de las personas LGTBI (BOE-A-2023-5366, 2023). Se analizan inicialmente los artículos que más polémica han causado en el ámbito social, que son los relativos a la rectificación registral (Art. 43-51), y posteriormente los que hacen referencia directa o indirectamente a aspectos sanitarios; 1) el que prohíbe de métodos, programas o las llamadas terapias de conversión (Art. 17), 2) los que definen cómo debe ser en términos generales la atención sanitaria (Art. 56-59), y 3) finalmente el único artículo que menciona a los menores (Art 70). Se comenta que el término utilizado de persona trans, al englobar un amplio abanico de diversidades sexuales, variantes y expresiones de género, incluye tanto a personas que necesitan una atención médica como a otras que no. Se plantea que la rectificación registral acorde con esta ley 2023 al no precisar ningún requisito para su inscripción, ofrece menos garantías que la legislación ya existente de marzo 2007. Se considera que las directrices de la nueva ley se están traduciendo en una toma de decisiones por parte del usuario sin disponer de una valoración o diagnóstico por el equipo de profesionales que atienden el caso. Se destaca que la ley no incluye ninguna referencia a la atención por salud mental. Y en conjunto, se concluye que el texto aprobado, en el ámbito sanitario, puede mermar la calidad de la asistencia integral, sobre todo en menores, o personas con identidades complejas, dudosas, o con comorbilidades, que pueden generar discrepancia entre el criterio del profesional y la opinión del usuario.(AU)

Revisión sistemática sobre la influencia de la edad, el género y las variaciones estacionales en el absceso periamigdalino / Systematic review on the influence of age, gender and seasonal variations on peritonsillar abscess

Introducción y objetivo: El absceso periamigdalino (AP) es la complicación más frecuente de la amigdalitis aguda. Dadas las discrepancias observadas en la literatura, presentamos una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía, para analizar la prevalencia del AP en nuestro ámbito, en relación con tres factores epidemiológicos: la edad, el sexo y la climatología. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la influencia de la edad, el género y la estacionalidad en el AP. Las bases utilizadas fueron PubMed, Cochrane y Medline, sin restricción de tiempo, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. El registro se llevó a cabo por tres revisores independientes, durante el mes de octubre de 2022. Resultados: Se obtuvieron, tras excluir duplicados, 289 artículos, de los que tras el cribado que se detalla en la metodología, seleccionamos 23, como parte de la revisión sistemática. Discusión: En la mayoría de los trabajos incluidos, se objetiva un predominio del AP en los hombres, con una ratio hombres/mujeres, variable de 1,16 a 3. Se desconocen las causas de esta diferencia de género. La edad media de aparición del AP varía, según el estudio, de los 22 a los 39 años. Aunque con resultados dispares, el AP no parece tener un predominio estacional, sin que podamos descartar una cierta influencia climática. Conclusiones: El AP es la complicación más frecuente de la amigdalitis aguda. En el adulto, predomina en hombres. La media de edad oscila entre los 22 y 39 años. No parece mostrar preferencia climática. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Peritonsillar abscess (PA) is the most frequent complication of acute tonsillitis. Given the discrepancies observed in the literature, we present a systematic review to analyse the prevalence of PA in our setting in relation to three epidemiological factors: age, gender, and climatology. Methods: A literature search was carried out on the influence of age, gender, and seasonality on PA. The databases used were PubMed, Cochrane, and Medline, without time restriction, following the PRISMA methodology. The registry was carried out by three independent reviewers during the month of October 2022. Results: After excluding duplicates, 289 articles were obtained, of which, after the screening detailed in the methodology, we selected 23 as part of the systematic review. Discussion: In most of the included papers, a predominance of PA in men is observed, with a male/female ratio varying from 1.16 to 3. The mean age of onset of PA varies, depending on the study, from 22 to 39 years. Although with disparate results, AP does not seem to have a seasonal predominance, without being able to rule out a certain climatic influence. Conclusions: AP is the most frequent complication of acute tonsillitis. In adults, it predominates in men. The mean age ranges between 22 and 39 years. It does not seem to show climatic preference. (AU)

Amor, deseo, sexualidad y salud mental / [Love, desire, sexuality and mental health]

La presente aportación versa acerca del amor y el deseo sexual, así como de su escasamente documentada neurofisiología; también, de sus relaciones con la salud sexual y la mental, que incluye esta última los trastornos mentales, del comportamiento y del neurodesarrollo. Estas cuestiones se abordarán sucintamente desde una perspectiva eminentemente científica. Se han escrutado varios repertorios bibliográficos electrónicos cualificados internacionales y nacionales, sin pretender una imposible exhaustividad. Se constata que la información de calidad al respecto es extremadamente limitada, heterogénea y a menudo subjetiva o con sesgos deficientemente controlados. Según los hallazgos, resultan probables las diferencias psicofisiológicas para el amor y el deseo según sea el sexo y género de las personas, lo que sucede igualmente cuando concurren psicopatologías. El mecanismo regulador de la excitación sexual es complejo en sus correlatos neuronales y todavía son inciertas las bases neurofisiológicas correspondientes. Los trastornos mentales con influencia potencialmente más distorsionadora sobre el amor y el deseo sexual son los del estado de ánimo y, obviamente, los parafílicos. Se necesita investigar más y con mayor rigor acerca de la psiconeurobiología subyacente a estas cuestiones usuales. (AU)

The present contribution is about love and sexual desire and their relationship with sexual and mental health, what includes the latter mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders. All these issues will be succinctly addressed from an eminently scientific perspective. Several qualified national and international electronic bibliographical indexes have been examined without intending an impossible exhaustiveness. It is established that quality information on this regard is extremely limited, heterogeneous and frequently subjective or with poorly controlled bias. As a result of our findings, the psychophysiological differences for love and desire according to people’s sex and gender are likely to occur as it also happens when psychopathologies come together. The sexual arousal regulator mechanism is complex in its neural correlates and the corresponding neurophysiological basis are still uncertain. The mental disorders with a potentially more distorting influence on love and sexual desire are those related to mood and, obviously, paraphilic disorders. Further rigorous research on psychoneurobiology underlying this usual matters is needed. (AU)